Copyright registration before lawsuit depends on whether the work is a U.S. work. This article explains automatic copyright protection, when registration is required under 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), how U.S. works and foreign works are treated differently, and why online publication can complicate the analysis.

Cross-border e-commerce IP enforcement has become a major challenge for rights holders facing anonymous online sellers, fast relisting, and overseas operations. This article explains the main enforcement obstacles, the rise of Schedule A lawsuits, electronic service, asset restraints, and the broader litigation strategy used in U.S. federal courts.